【导读】集运指数（欧线）期货80问｜国际集装箱运输市场,国际集装箱运输市场 07. 什么是国际集装箱运输？国际集装箱运输是指以集装………
华融融达期货
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国际集装箱运输市场 07. 什么是国际集装箱运输？国际集装箱运输是指以集装箱为单位，将托运人交运的货物从一国的某一地点运至另一国的某一地点的运输方式。国际集装箱运输由班轮公司按事先制定的船期表，在固定航线的固定挂靠港口之间，按规定的操作规则为非固定的广大货主提供集装箱货物运输服务。 08. 国际集装箱运输市场供给和 需求情况如何？据克拉克森统计，2020年、2021年、2022年，全球集装箱运力供给分别为2368万TEU、2475万TEU和2563万TEU。需求方面，2022年国际集装箱运输量为20,300万TEU，相比2000年的6,562万TEU，增加了205%，年复合增长率为5.2%。 09. 出口集装箱运输包括哪些流程？出口集装箱运输流程一般包括订舱、接受托运申请、发放/提取空箱、装箱、重箱进港、报关报检、装船、离港出运和换取提单等环节。（1）订舱。托运人根据贸易合同或信用证条款的规定，在货物托运前一定时间内填好集装箱货物托运单（ContainerBookingNote），并委托货代或直接向班轮公司申请订舱。（2）接受托运申请。班轮公司或其代理公司根据自己的运力、航线等具体情况以及托运人的需求，决定是否接受托运申请。（3）发放/提取空箱。整箱货空箱通常由托运人或其代理凭借设备交接单到集装箱堆场领取，有的货主会自备集装箱。拼箱货空箱由集装箱货运站凭借设备交接单领取。此时完成提箱的托运人基本可以确认其有出运需求。（4）装箱。整箱货由托运人在仓库或工厂自行装箱。拼箱货由托运人或其代理将不足一整箱的货物交至集装箱货运站，并由集装箱货运站负责装箱。（5）重箱进港。在截港时间前，重箱由托运人或其代理、集装箱货运站送至集装箱堆场，等待装船出运。（6）报关报检。货物装船出运前，托运人或其代理凭场站收据、出口许可证、商品检验证书等单证向海关申报，海关同意放行后在场站收据上加盖放行章。（7）装船。集装箱装卸区根据装货情况，制订装船计划，并将出运的箱子调整到集装箱码头前方堆场，待船靠岸后，即可装船。（8）离港出运。班轮公司在货物装船后，根据船期安排离港并驶向目的港。（9）换取提单。班轮公司在集装箱船离港后两至三天，开始制作已装船提单。托运人或其代理凭场站收据正本向班轮公司或其代理换取正本提单，然后去银行办理结汇。 10. 集装箱运输有哪些箱型？国际集装箱运输中常用的标准集装箱为20英尺集装箱（Twenty-feetEquivalentUnits，TEU）、40英尺集装箱（Forty-feetEquivalentUnits，FEU）和40英尺高箱。20英尺集装箱的长宽高分别是20英尺、8英尺和8英尺6英寸。40英尺集装箱的长宽高分别是40英尺、8英尺和8英尺6英寸。40英尺高箱的长宽高分别是40英尺、8英尺和9英尺6英寸。除标准干货集装箱外，还有冷藏箱、罐式箱、框架箱、平板箱等特殊集装箱类型。 11. 什么是整箱货和拼箱货？整箱货和拼箱货是常见的两种集装箱货物交接形态。整箱货指的是托运人自行将货物装满整个集装箱后，以箱为单位进行托运。拼箱货指的是承运人在单个托运人的货物数量不够装满整个集装箱时，将多个托运人的货物拼装在一个集装箱内进行托运。 12. 常见的集装箱货物交接方式有哪些？常见的集装箱货物交接方式涉及三个概念，分别是集装箱堆场（ContainerYard，CY）、集装箱货运站（ContainerFreightStation，CFS）和门（Door）。其中，集装箱堆场指的是集装箱重箱或空箱交接和堆存的场所；集装箱货运站等同于仓库，是处理和交接拼箱货的场所；门指的是托运人的工厂或仓库大门。集装箱货物共有九种交接方式，分别是场到场（CYtoCY）、场到站（CYtoCFS）、场到门（CYtoDoor）、门到门（DoortoDoor）、门到场（DoortoCY）、门到站（DoortoCFS）、站到门（CFStoDoor）、站到场（CFStoCY）、站到站（CFStoCFS）。交接方式的选择与集装箱货物的交接形态有关。一般来说，班轮公司常用的交接方式为场对场，承接拼箱货的无船承运人常用的交接方式为站到站。 13. 国际集装箱运输市场有哪些参与者？国际集装箱运输市场的主要参与者包括运输工具所有者、承运人、货运中间人和托运人等。运输工具所有者为集装箱运输资产所有者，分为船东和箱公司两种类型。其中，船东拥有集装箱船的所有权，包括拥有集装箱船的班轮公司、一些大型金融机构和其他机构。承运人是指本人或委托他人以本人名义与托运人订立海上货物运输合同的人，主要有班轮公司和无船承运人。托运人主要是货主，可以是发货人也可以是收货人。货运中间人是为承运人和托运人达成交易提供中间服务的人，例如订舱、报关报检等服务，主要有无船承运人、普通货代、船舶代理人、报关公司等。 14. 无船承运人与班轮公司有什么区别？根据《中华人民共和国海商法》的规定，承运人是指“本人或者委托他人以本人名义与托运人订立海上货物运输合同的人”，主要有班轮公司和无船承运人。班轮公司通过自己拥有的集装箱船或者租借其他船东的集装箱船，为托运人提供国际集装箱运输服务。无船承运人以承运人身份接受托运人的货物，同时以托运人身份委托班轮公司完成国际集装箱运输。 15. 什么是基本港和非基本港？在国际集装箱运输中，港口分为基本港和非基本港。基本港（BasePort）是班轮公司的船一般要定期挂靠的港口。基本港大多位于区域中心的较大口岸，港口设备条件比较好，货载多而稳定，运往基本港的货物一般为直达运输。非基本港（Non-BasePort）是指基本港以外的港口。 16. 国际集装箱运输市场有哪些重要港口？2022年全球前十大集装箱港口依次是上海、新加坡、宁波舟山、深圳、青岛、广州、釜山、天津、中国香港、鹿特丹。中国有七个港口的吞吐量位居全球前十，集装箱吞吐量合计为1.98亿TEU，占前十大集装箱港口吞吐量的比例达到72.9%；其中，上海港以4730万TEU的吞吐量连续13年排名全球第一大集装箱港。 17. 国际集装箱运价有哪些价格构成？国际集装箱普通箱运价通常由基本海运费和各种附加费构成，一般以美元为计价和结算货币。其中，基本海运费是指班轮公司针对每个计价单元（如1FEU或1TEU）的货物收取的、基于场对场交接方式的运费。附加费是班轮公司根据特定的运输条款、燃油价格、淡旺季、行业习惯等收取的附加费用，包括燃油附加费、币值附加费、旺季附加费、战争附加费、港口拥挤附加费、运河附加费、港口设施安全附加费、内陆转运费等。在国际集装箱运输市场，除普通箱海运运价外，托运人还要承担一系列以当地货币计价的费用，如码头操作费、文件费、报关费、装箱费、陆运费等。 18. 影响国际集装箱运价的主要因素 有哪些？影响国际集装箱运价的主要因素有以下几个：（1）供求关系。国际集装箱运输市场的供求关系是运价的决定因素。一般而言，班轮公司每个航次的预配率能实时反映该航次的供需状况，而出航后的装载率则会对班轮公司定价策略产生较大影响。（2）成本因素。成本高低对运价水平有显著影响。集装箱运输成本主要包括船舶及集装箱固定投资、航次运行费用、管理费用及财务费用等。（3）全球经济环境。国际集装箱运输需求是全球贸易的派生需求，全球集装箱运力增速和全球贸易量增速关系密切，国际集装箱运价水平也与全球经济环境密切相关。（4）汇率因素。汇率波动会对班轮公司成本控制与盈利核算产生影响，从而影响运价水平。（5）地缘政治。国际范围内已经发生或将要发生的、对全球贸易有影响的政策或重大事件会在短期内导致运价剧烈波动、甚至会影响运价长期走势。（6）其他因素。国际集装箱运输货种多样化、运输链条长，其运价波动还受到诸多其他因素的影响，例如货物上下游产业链变化、天气、港口罢工、反垄断制度修订、长协价格谈判、联盟重组、竞争关系等。InternationalContainerShippingMarket 07. Whatisinternationalcontainer shipping? Internationalcontainershippingisamodeoftransportwherebythecarrierdelivers,throughcontainers,thecargoesconsignedbytheshipperfromonecountrytoanother.Ininternationalcontainershipping,linercompaniesprovidenon-specificcustomerswithstandardizedcontainercargotransportservicesbetweenfixedportsofcallalongfixedroutesandinaccordancewiththepre-establishedsailingschedulesandrules.Thelinerscarryalltypesofproductsotherthandrybulkcargoes,oilproducts,andspecialcargoes. 08. Whatarethesupplyanddemand forinternationalcontainer shippingMarket? AccordingtoClarksonResearch,theglobalcontainershippingcapacitytotaled23.68millionTEUin2020,24.75millionTEUin2021,and25.63millionTEUin2022.Theinternationalcontainershippingvolumehadreached203millionTEUin2022,up205%from65.62millionTEUin2000,withacompoundannualgrowthrateof5.2%. 09. Whatarethestepsininternational exportcontainershipping?Exportcontainershippinggenerallycontainsseveralsteps:booking,acceptanceofshippingorder,dispatch/picking-upofemptycontainers,containerstuffing,haulageofloadedcontainertoport,customsdeclarationandinspection,loading,departure,andexchangeforabilloflading(B/L).(1)Booking.Theshipperisrequiredtocompletea“bookingnote”sometimebeforetheshipmentinaccordancewiththetermsofthetradeagreementorletterofcredittobookcapacitythroughafreightforwarderorwithalinerdirectly.(2)Acceptanceofshippingorder.Thelineroritsagentdecideswhethertofulfilltheshippingorderbasedonitscapacity,route,andotherfactorsandtheshipper’sneeds.(3)Dispatch/picking-upofemptycontainers.InFCLshipping,emptycontainersareusuallypickedupbytheshipperoritsagentatthecontaineryardwithanequipmentinterchangereceipt(EIR),althoughsomeshippersalsousetheirowncontainers.InLCLshipping,emptycontainersarepickedupbyacontainerfreightstationwithEIR.Theshipmentneedsbecomereasonablycertainoncetheshipperpicksuptheemptycontainers.(4)Stuffing.UnderFCL,theshipperisresponsibleforloadinggoodsintocontainersatitswarehouseorfactory.UnderLCL,theshipperoritsagentwilldeliverthegoodsthatwillnottakeuptheentirespaceofacontainertothecontainerfreightstationforconsolidation.(5)Haulageofloadedcontainertoport.Theshipper,itsagent,orthecontainerfreightstationdeliverstheloadedcontainerstothecontaineryardbeforeitsclosing.(6)Customsdeclarationandinspection.Beforeloadingandshipment,theshipperoritsagentneedstopresentthedockreceipt,exportlicense,andcommodityinspectioncertificatetothecustoms.Thedockreceiptwillbestampedwiththeclearancesealoncetheshipmentiscleared.(7)Loading.Thecontainerterminalpreparesastowageplanaccordingtothecargotobeloadedandthenmovesthecontainerstothemarshalingyardforloadingoncetheshipisberthed.(8)Departure.Theshipisloadedwiththecargoandwillleavetheportbytheliner’ssailingscheduletothedestinationport.(9)Exchangeforabilloflading.ThelinerwillmakeaB/Lfortheloadedcargoafterthecontainershipleavestheportfortwotothreedays.TheshipperoritsagentshouldexchangeitsoriginalcopyofthedockreceiptfortheoriginalB/Lissuedbythelineroritsagent,andthencompletecurrencyexchangeatabank. 10. Whatarethedifferenttypesof containers? ThestandardcontainerscommonlyusedininternationalshippingareTwenty-feetEquivalentUnits(TEU),Forty-feetEquivalentUnits(FEU),andForty-feetHighCube(FHQ).TEUmeasures20’(L)×8’(W)×8’6’’(H),FEUmeasures40’(L)×8’(W)×8’6’’(H),andFHQmeasures40’(L)×8’(W)×9’6’’(H).Complementingthesestandarddrygoodscontainersarethevarioustypesofspecialcontainerssuchasreefer(e.g.,refrigerated),tank,flatrack,andplatform. 11. Whatarefull-containerload(FCL) and less-than-containerload(LCL)? FCLandLCLaretwocommonmodesofcontainershipping.FCListhemodewheretheshipperfillsthewholeofacontainerforshipmentasasingleunit.LCListhemodewherethecargoofoneshipperisconsolidatedwiththoseofothersinasinglecontainerbecauseitisnotenoughtofillawholecontainerbyitself. 12. Whatarethecommonwaysof dropping offandreceiving containercargo? ContainerYard(CY),ContainerFreightStation(CFS)andDoorarethethreeessentialconceptsinthedeliveryandreceivingofcontainercargoes.Acontaineryardisadesignatedstorageareaforhandingoverandstoringloadedandemptycontainers.Acontainerfreightstation,similartoawarehouse,iswherecargoesareprocessedandconsolidatedintocontainers.A“door”isthedooroftheshipper’sfactoryorwarehouse.Accordingly,thereareninecombinationsforcargohandover:CY/CY(CYtoCY),CY/CFS,CY/Door,Door/Door,Door/CY,Door/CFS,CFS/Door,CFS/CY,andCFS/CFS.Thespecificchoicedependsonformsofthecargoesofcontainerthataretobedroppedoffandreceived.Generally,linersuseCY/CY,whileNVOCCsthathandleLCLshipmentsoftenuseCFS/CFS. 13. Whataretheparticipantsofthe internationalcontainershipping market? Majorparticipantsincludeownersofmeansoftransport,carriers,intermediaries,andshippers.Ownersofmeansoftransportowncontainershippingassetsandarebroadlyclassifiedintoshipownersandcontainercompanies.Inparticular,shipownerscanbelinercompanies,largefinancialinstitutions,andotherinstitutionsthatowncontainerships. Carriersrefertothepersonbywhomorinwhosenameacontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithashipper.Carriersmainlyconsistoflinersandnon-vesseloperatingcommoncarriers(NVOCCs).Mostshippersarecargoownerswhomaybetheconsignorsortheconsignees. Intermediariesprovideintermediaryservices—spacebooking,customsdeclaration,andinspectiondeclaration,forexample—forcarriersandshippers.ThemostcommonintermediariesareNVOCCs,commonfreightforwarders,shippingagents,andcustomsbrokers. 14. Whatarethedifferencesbetweena NVOCCandalinercompany? TheMaritimeLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinadefinesacarrieras“thepersonbywhomorinwhosenameacontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithashipper.”CarriersmainlyincludelinercompaniesandNVOCCs.Alineroffersinternationalshippingserviceswithleasedoritsowncontainerships.Bycontrast,aNVOCC,uponacceptinggoodsfromashipperinthecapacityofacarrier,consignsthegoodsasashippertoalinerforshipping. 15. WhatareBasePortsand Non-BasePorts?TheportsininternationalcontainershippingaredividedintoBasePortsandNon-BasePorts.ABasePortistheportwhichlinercompaniesgenerallycallonwiththeirvesselsonaregularbasis.LocatedwithinregionalhubssuchasShanghaiandNingboZhoushaninChina,mostBasePortsarelargeandwellequipped,enablingtheshipmentofalargeandstablevolumeofcargoes.Generally,cargoesboundtoBasePortsareshippeddirectly.Non-BasePortsareportsotherthanBasePorts. 16. Whatarethemajorportsinthe internationalcontainer shippingmarket?Theworld’stoptencontainerportsin2022wereShanghai,Singapore,NingboZhoushan,Shenzhen,Qingdao,Guangzhou,Busan,Tianjin,HongKong(China),andRotterdam,withChineseportstakingsevenofthetoptenspotsbythroughput.Thesevenportshadacombinedthroughputof198millionTEU,accountingfor72.9%ofthatofthetopten.Notably,theShanghaiPort,withathroughputof47.3millionTEU,hasbeenthelargestcontainerportintheworldfor13yearsinarow. 17. Whatisthecompositionofthe internationalcontainer freightrate? Thefreightratehastwomajorcomponents—basicoceanfreightandsurcharges—andiscommonlyquotedandsettledinU.S.dollars.Basicoceanfreightischargedbylinersforeachpricingunit(suchas1FEUorTEU)ofcargoshippedundertheCY/CYterm.Surchargesaretheadditionalfeeschargedbylinersaccordingtothespecifictermsofcarriage,fuelprices,peakoroff-peakseasons,industrypractices,etc.Examplesincludebunkerfuelsurcharge,currencysurcharge,peakseasonsurcharge,warrisksurcharge,congestionsurcharge,canalsurcharge,InternationalSecurityPortSurcharge,andinlandtransshipmentcharges.Inadditiontotheregularfreight,internationalcontainershippersalsoneedtobearalistofexpensesquotedintheirlocalcurrencies,suchasterminalhandlingcharges,documentationcharges,telexreleasecharges,customsdeclarationcharges,containerloadingcharges,andtruckingcharges. 18. Whatarethemajorfactors influencing theinternational containerfreightrate? Themajorinfluencingfactorsofinternationalcontainerfreightrateare:(1)Supplyanddemand.Thesupplyanddemandoftheinternationalcontainershippingmarketisthedeterminantofthefreightrate.Ingeneral,aliner’sshippingorderratioforavoyageisareal-timemeasureofthesupplyanddemandsituationforthatvoyage,whiletheloadingratioafterthevoyagestartshasalargeimpactontheliner’spricingstrategy.(2)Costs.Thelevelofcostshasaremarkableimpactonthefreightrate.Themaincomponentsofcontainershippingcostsarefixedinvestmentinvesselsandcontainers,voyageoperationcost,administrativeexpenses,andfinancialexpenses.(3)Globaleconomy.Thedemandforinternationalcontainershippingarisesfromglobaltrade.Growthinglobalcontainercapacityandgrowthinglobaltradearecloselyrelated.Theinternationalcontainerfreightrateisalsostronglylinkedtotheglobaleconomicenvironment.(4)Exchangerate.Exchangeratefluctuationscanhaveanimpactonthecostcontrolandprofitcalculationoflinercompanies,thusaffectingtheirfreightrate.(5)Geopolitics.Pastorfuturepoliciesormajoreventsthathadorwillhaveanimpactontheglobaltradecantriggerashort-termswinginthefreightrateandevenaffectthelong-termpricetrend.(6)Otherfactors.Duetothediversityofgoodsandalongtransportchain,theinternationalcontainerfreightrateisimpactedbymanyotherfactors,suchaschangesinupstreamordownstreamindustries,weather,portstrikes,anti-monopolyamendments,pricenegotiationsforlong-termsupplyagreements,alliancerestructuring,andcompetition.
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